The Hangman's Ropemaker: Harry Marsh and William West

"The ropes used yesterday in the execution of West at Washington and Marsh at Ebensburg were manufactured by Jacob Bopp, of Allegheny." 

~ "Lashed to a Plank," Pittsburgh Dispatch (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 27 February 1891, page 2

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

In the first half of the year 1891, Jacob Bupp was still the alderman for the Eleventh Ward of Allegheny City.  In February, he again made newspaper reports for a pair of hangings he did, both of which fell on 26 February 1891.  The two men he helped to hang were Harry Marsh and William West.

Harry Marsh: The Gallitzin Lover's Murderer
Clara Jones was born Clara Shakshaft, but her father, who had left his apprenticeship in England to get married, made the family live under the assumed name of Jones for fear of reprisals.  She was about 18 years of age.  She worked as a serving girl at Gunning's hotel in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, a mountain borough in Cambria County.

She was last seen in the company of an Englishman by the name of Harry Marsh on the morning of 6 July 1890.  Marsh was a native of West Bromwick, Staffordshire, England and worked in the coal mines in Gallitzin.  He was 26 years old, and was an inoffensive gentleman according to acquaintances until just a few months before the murder, when he began to drink very heavily and became abusive as a result.

The young couple, as depicted in several articles from various newspapers reporting on the crime.  Found on Newspapers.com

He and Clara met just before Decoration Day (which is now Memorial Day), when he flirted with her younger sister. He began to court Clara shortly after, and the couple seemed to be on good terms.  However, that all changed the morning of 6 July 1890, when Clara was found barely alive, her head bashed in with a coupling pin and her throat having been slit.  She lingered for a week before dying in the home of her married elder sister.

Marsh confessed right away.  His motive was jealousy, according to reports given by people he talked to after the murder, although he also stated Clara wanted him to kill her because she had been disgraced and ruined by another man (although in the same testimony he stated Clara wanted him to marry her as well).

His trial was held in September of 1890 in Ebensburg, Pennsylvania.  On 18 September 1890, he was convicted of murder in the first degree after testimony from several witnesses.  Marsh's defense did not deny that he killed Clara Jones/Shakshaft, but that the crime did not warrant a charge of murder in the first degree due to the fact that he was blindly drunk and the girl begged him to kill her.  Shortly after the conviction, the defense motioned for a new trial, but that was denied. On 6 October 1890, he was sentenced to death by hanging.

In January of 1891, his death warrant was signed by the governor and read to him.  According to newspaper reports, he was visibly affected and upset for the loss of his own life, but said nothing about taking the life of Clara.  He also expressed interest in the happenings of the Nicely brothers, who also were sentenced to hang in Somerset County, and expressed that unlike them, he had no money to appeal his sentence to the Board of Pardons.

Jacob Bupp was contracted to make the rope used to hang Marsh, who was scheduled to be hanged the same day as William West.  The rope was reported to be the usual 25 feet in length and half an inch thick.  It cost the county of Cambria $25, which was Jacob's standard charge for a hangman's rope.

Harry Marsh was hanged 26 February 1891 on the same scaffold that Charles Carter met his doom the previous year.  After his death, his brother took charge of the body and he was privately buried.

William West: The Crouch Family Butcher
John Crouch was a blind elderly man in his seventies, and his elderly wife Emily and their forty-five year old son Andrew were both deaf (some newspaper accounts seem to suggest that Andrew also had some sort of handicap mentally).  The family lived on a farm outside Bentleysville, Washington County, Pennsylvania.  Mr. Crouch, who didn't trust banks and was very reclusive, had a large amount of money hidden in his house.  The family had a miserly reputation, even though they were amongst the wealthiest in the area.

On the morning of 14 May 1890, their neighbor William Crawford had sent his son up to the Crouch farm on an errand, but when the boy returned saying the house was locked up and no one was home, Crawford went to investigate, as he knew they would be home.  He found the three members of the household clubbed to death, with both John and Andrew's faces beaten beyond recognition.  there was evidence that the men fought for their lives.  The house had been ransacked, and the motive for the murders was thought to be robbery.  Those investigating the deed also knew it had to be someone who was known to the Crouches.

Suspicion quickly fell on a black man who used to live in the area and was back visiting family.  William West was in his mid-twenties.  He was living with a white woman named Annie Brundage, and the couple had a child of about 7 years old.  He had worked for the Couches before and was well known.  He was arrested trying to take the train to Pittsburgh with Annie and the child, and was held without bail until his trial. Annie was also arrested as an accomplice to the murder after the fact.

William West's likeness as depicted in several newspapers that reported on his crime and ultimate hanging from 1890-1891.  Found on Newspapers.com

His trial was held in Washington, Pennsylvania in October 1890.  Many witnesses were called who testified how well West knew the Crouch family.  On 11 October 1890, William West was found guilty of murder in the first degree.  A motion was made for a new trial, but was denied.

Annie Brundage was tried on 21 November 1890 as an accomplice.  She was found guilty after a brief one-day trial, and was sentenced to fifteen months in the penitentiary. 

While in jail waiting for his hanging, William West was able to write several letters that were then smuggled out and mailed form other places insisting he wasn't the killer and that others had actually done the killings.  

West had to be carried to the scaffold manacled while on a stretcher because he had attempted suicide during the change in his death watch by slashing his throat with a concealed piece of iron, but was unsuccessful. He had blood oozing from the wounds as he was carried up to be hanged.  That same day, his brother, Basil West, was held up during a search of his person while trying to enter the jail as a revolver was found on his person.  He insisted until the very last that William West was insane and should not have been hanged.

His rope was the only rope to break in Jacob Bupp's career, and it caused an apparently grisly scene at the hanging on 26 February 1891, for the hangman's noose had to be redone after it had broken and West fell to the ground.  The second attempt to hang him was successful.  

Jacob Bupp was swift to place the blame for the broken rope upon the sheriff of Washington, Pennsylvania, George E. Lockhart.  Bupp stated that the man tested the rope too many times and stretched it as a result before the hanging. According to news reports, Jacob Bupp insisted he practically begged Lockhart for permission to adjust the rope.  Lockhart came back at Bupp, stating the rope was poorly made and that Bupp should have been honorable enough to conceded that it was not his best work.

Some of Jacob Bupp's descendants (including my grandmother) remember hearing stories about a hanging that had gone wrong.  Some even stated the stories they heard stated that this hanging was the one that turned Jacob off of the rope-making business.  While there is evidence that Jacob made ropes for at least four more hangings after this one, this particular hanging was almost certainly the hanging that is mentioned in family stories.

When Jacob Bupp died, a number of his obituaries mentioned this broken rope.

Sources Used and Referenced
"A Candidate for the Rope," The Cambria Freeman (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 19 September 1890, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"At Their Hearth," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 15 May 1890, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Bentleysville's Bloody Butchery," Monogahela Valley Republican (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), 22 May 1890, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Bupp's Statements Denied," Pittsburgh Daily Post (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 9 March 1891, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"The County Capital," The Daily Republican (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), 3 February 1891, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : acessed 20 September 2017).

"The Crouch Tragedy," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 6 November 1890, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Death Warrant Read to Harry Marsh the Murderer," Pittsburgh Daily Post (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 15 January 1891, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"Famous Rope Maker Dead," Altoona Mirror (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 September 2017).

"The Gallitzin Murder," Altoona Times (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 14 July 1890, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"Hangman's Ropemaker Dead: Jacob Bupp Made Ropes That Hung 109 Murderers and Only One Broke," The Times (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 September 2017).

"In Other Counties," Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 13 February 1891, page 4; online archives with images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"In the First Degree," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 11 October 1890, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Lashed to a Plank," Pittsburgh Dispatch (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 27 February 1891, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"Marsh Executed!," The Cambria Freeman (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 27 February 1891, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"Met Death Like a Man," Pittsburgh Dispatch (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 27 February 1891, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"Miss Annie Brundage," Monogahela Valley Republican (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), 27 November 1890, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Notes about the State," Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 19 March 1891, page 5; online images, GenealogyBank (www.genealogybank.com : accessed 13 May 2019).

"Neighborhood Fakirs," Washington Observer (Washington, Pennsylvania), 12 February 1891, page 7; online images, Genealogy Bank (www.genealogybank.com : accessed 21 September 2017). 

"The Rope Broke," Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 27 February 1891, page 1; online archives with images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 29 October 2017).

"Sentenced to Death," Pittsburgh Dispatch (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 7 October 1890, page 6; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"Twice Hanged," The New York Herald (New York, New York), 27 February 1891, page 7; online images, Library of Congress (https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83030313 : accessed 22 July 2019).

"Two Hangings To-Day," Pittsburgh Daily Post (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 26 February 1891, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 19 July 2019).

"Two Murderers Hanged," The Indiana Progress (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 11 March 1891, page 10; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 29 October 2017).

"West's Broken Rope," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 6 March 1891, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

The Hangman's Ropemaker: Michael Moore, In the Shadow of the Scaffold

"The preparation for the execution of Michael Moore on Wednesday next move on apace. The rope has been purchased by Sheriff Bottacker from Mr. Jacob Bopp, Wood's Run, near Pittsburgh, the price paid being, $20, and not $40, as heretofore reported. Mr. Bopp is the same gentleman who manufactured the ropes with which Buser and Howser were hanged in 1866, has been in eighteen years in the business."

~ "Shorts," The Indiana Democrat (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 28 November 1872, page 7

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

On 1 March 1872,  a woman's body was found in the woods near Mineral Point.   A man by the name of John Shiver, who was described at somewhat timid and squeamish to blood, had found some bloody hair and hair pins while out fox hunting that morning with his dog.  He ran to the nearby village, arousing the villagers who lived there, who returned to a gruesome scene.  The woman's body had been mutilated and partially burned in the woods.

Tracks that led to the gruesome scene seemed to suggest that a man and the woman were walking together, and not far from where the body was discovered was the scene of a struggle, so it was soon assumed that the woman was murdered not far from where the body was found.

Footsteps from the scene led to the home of Michael Moore, who was known as a notorious character in the vicinity.  Michael Moore was described as being a man of muscular build, with a forbidding countenance, and was no stranger to breaking the law, as he had been charged with assault and battery in 1850.  At the time of the incident he was between forty-five and fifty years of age.  Newspaper accounts stated he was of Irish descent.

The woman was identified as Ann E. "Annie" Boyle (or Doyle) Moore, who was about forty years of age at the time of her demise.  From the remains of the discarded articles of clothing and personal effects that were found with her body, the victim was determined to be a woman of tidy habits and demeanor.

Ann had been married to Michael Moore since October 1853, but within two years of the marriage she had deserted him because he was abusive and treated her ill.  According to newspaper accounts, she had fled to Philadelphia to live, working as a domestic under the name of Elizabeth "Lizzie" Stevenson, but had recently returned to Mineral Point with Moore under the guise of reconciliation with her husband, who had written her numerous letters that were found in a trunk in Altoona, Pennsylvania after the murders.

Moore apparently killed Ann because he had committed bigamy by marrying again, this time to a woman named McConnell, and he wanted to make that marriage legal.  He also apparently had not forgiven her for deserting him.  However, these reasons were just theories, as Moore never confessed or gave a motive for her murder.

After a trial that lasted the first two weeks of June 1872, the jury found him guilty of the charge of murder with only ten minutes of deliberation.  Moore and his lawyers A. Kopelin and J.P. Linton appealed to have the arrest of judgement and for a new trial on the grounds that the jury was contaminated.  Their appeal was rejected in September, and Michael Moore was sentenced to death by hanging..

Moore tried in vain to escape by digging his way through the stone floor and walls of his jail cell.  On  11 October 1872 his death warrant was issued and on the 29th of that same month, it was signed.  When Moore was told of his imminent death, he brandished a piece of iron pipe that he had dug from the wall of his cell.  The sheriff was forced to draw and fire his weapon in self defense, hitting Moore in the arm and leg.  While Moore recovered from the shooting, he was chained until his hanging as a precaution.

Jacob Bupp was listed as the man who made the rope that was used to hang Moore, and sold it to Sheriff Bonacker (or Bottacker) on 16 November 1872 for $20.  The rope was described as being twenty feet long and three-eighths of an inch thick.  It was made of hemp and was said to be strong and pliable.

Michael Moore was hanged on 27 November 18721 in the city jail yard at Ebensburg.  After being given last rites and prayer by a Catholic priest, Father Christy, Michael Moore was led to the gallows.  His only words before his death were a request of prayers and for the Lord to have mercy on his soul.  He died almost instantly.

The ghost of Michael Moore was said to still inhabit the jail of Ebensburg, according to a small blurb on page 2 of the 03 March 1881 edition of the The Altoona Tribune:

"The 'spook' of Michael Moore, hanged for wife murder in Ebensburg on November 22, 1872, is alleged to wander at odd times in the jail of that mountain town and the blood spot made on the stone floor of the prison by a trickling pistol shot wound, inflicted on said Moore by an arresting officer, becomes deeper as time flies, though sand paper and soap suds have been repeatedly used to exorcise it."

Sources Referenced

"A Bloody Deed!," The Cambria Freeman (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 9 March 1872, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 27 April 2019).

"A Wife Murderer Hanged," Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois), 28 November 1872, page 7; online images, Fold 3 (www.fold3.com : accessed 8 May 2019).

"Brevities," Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 1 August 1872, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 12 May 2019).

"Ebensburg: Execution of Michael Moore," Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 5 December 1872, page 3; online archives with images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 October 2017).

Geary, John W. Message of His Excellency J. W. Geary to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, January 8, 1873 (Harrisburg: Benjamin Singerly, 1873), 78.

"In the Shadow of the Scaffold," The Cambria Freeman (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 8 June 1872, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 27 April 2019).

"In the Shadow of the Scaffold," The Cambria Freeman (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 15 June 1872, pages 1-3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 12 May 2019).

"Michael Moore - His Death Warrant Signed," Huntingdon Journal (Huntingdon, Pennsylvania), 30 October 1872, page 3; online images, NewspaperArchive (https://huntingdondailynews.newspaperarchive.com/huntingdon-journal/1872-10-30/page-3/ : accessed 8 May 2019).

"Sentance of Michael Moore," Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 12 September 1872, page 3; online archives with images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 12 May 2019).

"Shorts," The Indiana Democrat (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 28 November 1872, page 7; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"Untitled," Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 3 March 1881, page 2; online archives with images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 October 2017).

The Hangman's Ropemaker: The Paul-Munday Murders

" Mr. Bopp is the same gentleman who manufactured the ropes with which Buser and Howser were hanged in 1866."

~ "Shorts," The Indiana Democrat (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 28 November 1872, page 7

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

Polly Paul was a spinster of 70 years old who owned her own farm in which she tilled the land and sold firewood and cattle from her farmstead in Croyle Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. She was known as a hard-working woman, having toiled from sunup to sundown.  She also was well known for the craft of weaving. She was economical, according to some newspaper accounts, and had amassed a great deal of money, though the sum was unknown.  It was speculated by friends and family that she had hoped to leave her small fortune as an endowment to a college or seminary school when she passed away.

Catherine "Cassie" Munday was 17 years old and was the eldest daughter of Martin and Catherine Potter Munday. She had been apprenticed to Paul as a weaver's assistant for a year and had one more week left in her apprenticeship before she was anticipated to return to her father’s home in Cambria Township and take up weaving as her own profession.  Her father was the original settler of an area outside Ebensburg that was named Munday's Corner.  It was reported in newspaper accounts that Martin Munday had purchased a brand new loom for his daughter in anticipation of her return to start a business of her own.

On the morning of 8 June 1865, the two women were found clubbed to death on the Paul farm after neighbor girl named Mary Stilbolski raised the alarm while hunting cattle lost from her parents' farm.

Polly Paul was found in a pool of her own blood in her cowshed, her head bashed in, while Cassie Munday was found in the orchard, dead and badly bruised. It was apparent she had tried to flee when Polly Paul had been murdered, but the assailants had caught her. The house had been ransacked and furnishing destroyed.  It was soon determined that the motive for the murders was robbery of the supposed fortune of Miss Paul.

Police soon apprehended two men, John Ream and his relative Daniel Riddle for the murder. John Ream was a local shady character who had previously made remarks about the supposed fortunes of Polly Paul and how he'd kill to get his hands on it.  Daniel Riddle was remembered as having vowed to go in on the crime as well for half the fortune.  These two were put on trial for murder in September 1865, but it was concluded there was not enough evidence to convict them, plus both men had solid alibis for the night of the murder, so they were found not guilty.

Meanwhile, Polly Paul was buried in Ford Cemetery and Cassie Munday was buried in  St. Paul's Cemetery, both in Cambria County, Pennsylvania

A reward of $500 dollars was offered leading to information and an arrest.

A few weeks later, two men were arrested in an Allegheny City boarding house by Detective David McKelvey an Detective Hague. The men were Daniel Booser (also spelled Buser) and John B. Houser.

The men had been incarcerated at Western Penitentiary for robbing a clothing store in Allegheny County.  They were cellmates with an inmate by the name of Philip Folger (or Fulgert), who had once lived in the neighborhood of Polly Paul and whose wife had lived with Polly Paul before her marriage. Folger had told Buser and Houser that the old woman had a great deal of money.   It was here in prison, it was later determined, that Booser and Houser made plans to murder and rob her once they were released from prison.  In return for his telling them about how easy a mark Polly Paul would be, the men promised Folger that they would procur a pardon for him with some of the fortune.

After a six day trial in the Cambria County courthouse in Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, the two men were found guilty of the murders. Several witness were called.  A number of prisoners from the Western Penitentiary testified as to overhearing the plot for murder and robbery.  A few women from the neighborhood testified that Houser had been asking around for a Widow Paul (Polly Paul was a spinster, not a widow).  A few boarders and neighbors from the Allegheny City boarding house even made the trek to Ebensburg to testify that the two men were suddenly flush with cash after being gone from the house for a few days.  Neither man had an alibi for the night of the murders either, which helped to clinch the sentences.

 The men were sentenced to death by hanging the same day that they were found guilty of murder. The lawyers for the men appealed the decision by a writ of error made to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on several grounds, the largest of which was that two of the jurors actually testified as witnesses in the trial, but that appeal was rejected when the Supreme Court refused to accept the writ.

After the writ was rejected, it was reported that Buser started a letter writing campaign, sending out letters to anyone and everyone whom he thought could help him, as he declared his innocence over and over again.  He even had a letter published in the newspapers contesting his innocence and refuting the evidence and testimony against him.  Having exhausted all options, Daniel Buser then attempted suicide on 10 April 1866 in his jail cell by slicing open an artery in his arm with a sharpened piece of tin.  He fainted from the loss of blood and a guard noticed the noise and staunched the flow of blood.  When Buser regained consciousness, it was reported that he finally confessed to both of the murders, though witnesses didn't know if this was truth or delirium, as he had professed his innocence for so long some were wondering if he actually believed it.   

On 20 April 1866, the two men were hanged in the city jail yard at Ebensburg, Pennsylvania as the first men ever executed in Cambria County. Both men went to the gallows proclaiming their innocence in murder, stating that the only crimes they had ever committed were robbery and burglary.

The only mention made of the ropes stated that they were made in Reserve Township, Allegheny County, and were made for $25, although later a newspaper account for another hanging did say that Bupp was the one who made them.

Sources Used and Referenced

Burkhart, Betty, "Annals of Jackson Township," website, Jackson Township Historical Committee, Jackson Township: Cambria County, Pennsylvania (http://www.jacksontwppa.com: accessed 9 February 2018), "Communities And Their First Settlers", August 27, 1942

"The First Execution," Democrat and Sentinel (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 26 April 1866, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 October 2017).

"The Gallows: Execution of Daniel Buser and John B. Houser," The Ebensburg Alleghenian (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 26 April 1866, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 October 2017).

"John B. Hauser and Daniel Buser v The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania," The American Law Register, 5 (November 1865-November 1866), online images, 668-675, Google Books (https://books.google.com/ : accessed 9 February 2018).

“The Paul-Munday Murder," The Ebensburg Alleghenian (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 15 February 1866, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 February 2018).

"The Paul-Munday Murders," The Ebensburg Alleghenian (Ebensburg, Pennsylvania), 21 September 1865, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 February 2018).

"Shorts," The Indiana Democrat (Indiana, Pennsylvania), 28 November 1872, page 7; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 September 2017).

"Untitled," Brookville Republican (Brookville, Pennsylvania), 20 December 1865, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 7 February 2018).