The Hangman's Ropemaker: Obituaries

"Jacob Bupp, the famous maker of hangman's ropes, is dead."

~Line from a syndicated newspaper article that ran in several newspapers 

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

In my last blog post, I wrote about Jacob Bupp's death at the Soldier's home in Dayton, Ohio on 21 February 1899.  I also mentioned that several versions of obituaries made their rounds throughout the world.

There were two major versions of notices of the death of Jacob Bupp that were printed in newspapers around the world (including newspapers in Australia, France, and Spain).  These two notices often went through minor changes depending on the newspaper that printed it, but the bulk of the notice stayed the same.  What makes them different is that Jacob's place of death is vastly different in the two.

Homewood Version

One of the versions of his newsworthy obituary erroneously lists his place of death as Homewood, Pennsylvania.  This obituary was the first such one, which came from Pittsburgh (and was, coincidentally, the first obituary that I ever found on Jacob Bupp, so you can imagine my confusion when I found out that even in the 1890s, reliable news-reporting wasn't always the case *wink*):

Jacob Bupp's Obituary as it appeared on page 4 of the 24 February 1899 edition of the Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette 
(Now Pittsburgh Post-Gazette).  Found on Google News Archives 

It is unclear how this version of the obituary made its rounds.  Jacob Bupp did spend some time living with his daughter Emma in Homewood, but he had moved back to Allegheny City and then on to Dayton, where he resided in the Soldier's Home until his death.  Perhaps some of the family from Homewood had visited Jacob just before his death and reported back to the family and the message was mixed up in the reporting to newspapers?

To cover bases in research, a search was done of Beaver County Registration of deaths from 1893-1907 for Jacob Bupp, but it was a negative search.

A shortened version of this obituary appeared elsewhere in later months:

"General Entertainment," syndicated news column, The Bradford Star (Towanda, Pennsylvania), 11 May 1899, page 4

This version ran in several newspapers worldwide.

Dayton Version

Untitled article that ran in syndication.  This version was found in Catoctin Clarion (Mechanicsburg, Maryland), 9 March 1899, page 2, located on Chronicling America

The Dayton version of Jacob's obituary/death notice also went worldwide, and was more correct in its reporting, as Jacob did die at the Soldier's Home.  Several newspapers printed their own version of this article, so there are minor variations depending on the newspaper... usually in which cases they chose to highlight as Jacob making ropes for.

Over thirty obituaries and death notice write-ups have been located for Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's ropemaker, and had it not been for them, this blog series may not have had been conceived, as many of those who hangings Jacob made rope for were listed in a number of the accounts, which lead to the research that became this blog series.

Up next is the final blog post for the series, the post on what happened to Jacob's widow, Caroline.

Sources Used and Referenced:
"Annual Memorial Service: Lieut. James M. Lysle Post No. 128 Remembered Its Dead," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 11 December 1899, 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 26 March 2019).

"Around the County," syndicated news column, The Central News (Perkasie, Pennsylvania), 2 March 1899, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 September 2017).

Beaver County, Pennsylvania, Volume 2: B8-B12, negative search for death record of Jacob Bupp; FHL microfilm 7619706 item 2.

"British and Foreign Mems," Albury Banner and Wodonga Express (Albury, New South Wales, Australia), 4 August 1899, page 33; online images, Trove (trove.nla.gov.au : accessed 18 November 2019), Newspapers; citing National Library of Australia.

"Bupp's Ropes Famous," The Iola Daily Record (Iola, Kansas), 10 June 1899, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 5 September 2019).

"Bupp's Ropes Famous," The Saint Paul Globe (Saint Paul, Minnesota), 7 May 1899, page 7; online images, Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ : accessed 21 September 2017). 

"Died," death notices, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 25 February 1899, page 5; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 September 2017).

"Died," death notices, The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 26 February 1899, Page 13; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 August 2016).

"Échos Et Nouvelles," Le Petit Parisien (Paris, France), 8 June 1899, page 2; online images, Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/ : accessed 21 September 2017).

"Famous Rope Maker Dead," Altoona Mirror (Altoona, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 September 2017).

"He Made Hangman's Ropes," The San Francisco Examiner (San Francisco, California), 13 March 1899, page 6; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 June 2019).

"General Entertainment," The Bradford Star (Towanda, Pennsylvania), 11 May 1899, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 21 September 2017).

"Jacob Bupp," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 August 2016).

"Jacob Bupp," Le Stéphanois (Saint-Étienne, France), 10 June 1899, page 1; online images, Lectura Plus (http://www.lectura.plus/Presse/ : accessed 21 September 2017).

"Jacob Bupp's Death: Friends of the Deceased Will Have AN Investigation Made," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 8; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 August 2016).

"Made Hangmen's Ropes," The Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland), 3 March 1899, page 14; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 18 September 2017).

"Made the Rope That Hanged Guiteau," The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky), 25 February 1899, page 6; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 September 2017).

"Random Comment," Cleveland Leader (Cleveland, Ohio), 4 April 1899, page 4; online images, Genealogy Bank (www.genealogybank.com : accessed 21 September 2017), Newspaper Archive.

"Stadt und Umgegend (City and Surroundings)," Der Freiheits-Freund (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 1; online images, Google Newspapers (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2hszv8GT5-sC&dat=18770713&b_mode=2&hl=en : accessed 20 January 2018), Google Newspaper Archives.

Sykes, Edward C. "I Remember," Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 20 July 1936, 27; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 11 November 2019).

"Un Cordier Yankee," La Presse (Paris, France), 10 June 1899, p 2; online images, Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/ : accessed 21 September 2017). 

"Untitled," The Black Hills Union (Rapid City, South Dakota), 27 July 1900, page 7; online images, Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ : accessed 21 September 2017). 

"Untitled," Beaumont Enterprise (Beaumont, Texas), 11 March 1899, 4; online images, GenealogyBank (www.genealogybank.com : accessed 18 November 2019).

"Untitled," Catoctin Clarion (Mechanicsburg, Maryland), 9 March 1899, page 2; online images, Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ : accessed 21 September 2017). 

"Untitled," The Columbus Journal (Columbus, Nebraska), 10 May 1899, page 4; online images, Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ : accessed 21 September 2017)

"Untitled," The Leavenworth Weekly Times (Leavenworth, Kansas), 9 March 1899, page 5; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 17 September 2017).

"Untitled," The McCook Tribune (McCook, Nebraska), 5 May 1899, page 7; online images, Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ : accessed 21 September 2017), 

"Untitled," Le Mémorial Artésien (Saint-Omer, France), 15 June 1899, page 2; online images, Bibliothèque Numérique (http://bibliotheque-numerique.bibliotheque-agglo-stomer.fr/ : accessed 21 September 2017), Presse.

"Untitled," Tyrone Daily Herald (Tyrone, Pennsylvania), 2 March 1899, page 4; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 18 September 2017).

"Untitled," Xenia Daily Gazette (Xenia, Ohio), 27 February 1899, page 3; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 18 September 2017).

The Hangman's Ropemaker: The Soldier's Home at Dayton and the Death of the Ropemaker

"Jacob Bupp, of Allegheny, who died Tuesday night in the Soldiers' Home at Dayton, claimed the distinction of having made more ropes with which to hang murderers than any other man in this country."

~"Made the Rope That Hanged Guiteau," The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky), 25 February 1899, page 6

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

Aside from the time spent in other states during the Civil War, and a possible stint in Illinois that has not yet been proven or disproven, Jacob Bupp spent most of his life living in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.  However, the last seven months of his earthly life, he resided in the state of Ohio.  He was sent to live at the Soldier's Home in Dayton, Montgomery County, Ohio. 

A Little History on the Soldier's Home at Dayton First
The United States Sanitary Commission, a group that took care of wounded veterans from the Civil War, lobbied hard to have the homes opened as a place for veterans to go. The act that established the National Home for Disabled Veterans was created by Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln in March of 1865.

The home in Dayton, Ohio was the second of the homes established and was opened in the fall of 1867.  The first one was opened in Togus Springs, Maine the previous year.  The homes were originally called the National Asylums for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, but the name was changed by Congress in 1873 to the Home for Disabled Veteran Soldiers  The Dayton home was the Central Branch of these homes and had housed more than 7000 veterans by the time Jacob Bupp arrived in 1898.

Each home had a guardhouse where guards stopped and checked each coming and going of visitors and inmates.  The Dayton branch also boasted a conservatory with fountains and aquatic gardens, a menagerie, several barracks, over six miles of roadway and a 250 acre farm that produced much of the food the veterans ate.   The Central Branch had one of the best hospitals in the nation at the time.  Built in 1870, the hospital had steam operated elevators, a steam boiler system for heat, and indoor plumbing and was considered a innovative and progressive marvel at the time it was created.

Those veterans who were able were encouraged and even required to help around the home. Visitors were welcomed and encouraged to visit, as the mission was to create a home-like atmosphere for the veterans that lived there.  Because it was close to the railroad in the city of Dayton, many people could easily ride the train into the city and then come to the home.  It became a popular attraction that upwards of 150,000 people came to visit each year.

The Soldier's Home at Dayton in 1902, taken by Underwood and Underwood
Source: Library of Congress, Stereograph Cards, digital id cph 3b41068, photo in the public domain

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has a wonderful virtual tour of the facility that takes one back to 1885 for those who are interested.  It helped give some sense of what the home was like in the time Jacob lived there.

Today the home is part of the VA Hospital system and is known as the Dayton VA Medical Center.

Jacob Bupp's Time at the Soldier's Home
At the time that he entered the soldier's home, Jacob Bupp was getting $12 per month in pension from the government for his service in the Civil War.

Paperwork found in his pension file stated that Jacob Bupp admitted to the home for defective vision and also for senility.  He was treated at the home beginning on 19 July 1898 for defective vision, senility and chronic rheumatism.  Glasses did not improve his vision, due to the fact that he had cataracts, and it appeared his hearing was also going.

Jacob Bupp's Medical history
Source: Photocopy provided by NARA in the pension file for Jacob Bupp

Little is known about his time at the hospital, or if any of his family visited him while he resided there.  The travel by train from Allegheny City to Dayton apparently took the better part of two days, so it is plausible that family made the trip if they were able.

On 21 February 1899, at 245 pm, Jacob Bupp died in the hospital at the Soldier's Home.  His cause of death was given as cardiac dilation with senectus, which would be diagnosed today as dilated cardiomyopathy (or an enlarged heart) due to old age, and the doctor who signed his death certificate was D. C. Huffman.

His body was sent back to his widow Caroline at their daughter Mary Anne Wasson's home at 319 Shady Avenue in Allegheny City the next day, arriving in Allegheny City late on the 23rd. According to one newspaper account of the body's arrival:

"The body bears a number of fresh looking wounds and the family intend investigating the cause of his death.  Bupp has been an inmate of the Soldiers' home for some time and was reported in excellent health early in the week.  The news of his death caused great surprise and the family fear he met with rough treatment." (Source: "Jacob Bupp's Death: Friends of the Deceased Will Have an Investigation Made," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 8).

However, as of the date of this blog post, a search for information on whether or not this investigation actually happened yielded no results.

EDIT HERE 4 June 2020: New evidence was discovered in the form of a newspaper article in the Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette:

Source: Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennylvania), 25 February 1899, page 12; online images, see online at Google News Archives

Interestingly enough, one the physicians who examined him for one of his pension claims was William J. Langfitt, who also examined John D. Wood in 1889.  Jacob Bupp was the alderman who notarized that affidavit.

Jacob Bupp was buried on 26 February 1899, but it is not known which of the many cemeteries in Allegheny County was chosen for his final resting place.  It is quite possible he is buried in Highwood Cemetery, as Caroline later was buried there. EDIT HERE:  An inquiry into the records at Highwood Cemetery did in fact reveal that he was buried there in the same plot as Caroline.

Jacob Bupp's interment order from the Highwood Cemetery Association.

Interestingly enough, there were several versions of obituaries that made their way across the world with news of his death, though none of them mentioned a cemetery.  Click here for the next blog post, which discusses those versions.

Sources Used and Referenced:
Burns, Carolyn Johnson. Soldiers Home of Dayton, Ohio: Information about the Central Branch of the National Military Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers known today as the Dayton VA Medical Center (http://www.carolynjburns.com/soldiers/ : accessed 6 November 2019).

Central Branch, National Home for D. V. S., Certification of death of Jacob Bupp, died 21 February 1899; filed 1 March 1899 by D. C. Huffman; located in the pension file application of wife Caroline Bupp; Photocopy provided by NARA in the pension file for Jacob Bupp; citing Pension application files based upon service in the Civil War and Spanish-American War ("Civil War and Later"); Records Relating to Pension and Bounty-Land Claims 1773-1942, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, RG 15; 2,807 rolls, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Central Branch, National Home for Disabled Veterans; Medical History for Jacob Bupp, late of G Co, 6th Regiment, Penn H. Art.Volunteers. Dated 13 March 1899, filed 23 May 1899 ; Photocopy provided by NARA in the pension file for Jacob Bupp; citing Pension application files based upon service in the Civil War and Spanish-American War ("Civil War and Later"); Records Relating to Pension and Bounty-Land Claims 1773-1942, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, RG 15; 2,807 rolls, National Archives, Washington, D.C., "Died February 21st 1899, from Cardiac Dilation with Senectus."

Death Notification to the Honorable Commissioner of Pensions from Central Branch National Home for D.V. S.; Notification of death of Jacob Bupp, died 21 Feb 1899, pension certificate 752533, co G, 6th regiment Pa H.A. filed 1 March 1899; Photocopy provided by NARA in the pension file for Jacob Bupp; citing Pension application files based upon service in the Civil War and Spanish-American War ("Civil War and Later"); Records Relating to Pension and Bounty-Land Claims 1773-1942, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, RG 15; 2,807 rolls, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

"Died From Natural Causes: Physicians Found No Marks of Violence on the Body of Jacob Bupp," Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette (Pittsburgh, Pennylvania), 25 February 1899, page 12; online images, Google News Archives (https://news.google.com/newspapers : accessed 4 June 2020).

Gasbarro, Norman. "Old Soldiers' Homes," Civil War Blog: A Project of PA Historian, 9 May 2012 (http://civilwar.gratzpa.org/ : accessed 6 November 2019).

"Jacob Bupp's Death : Friends of the Deceased Will Have an Investigation Made," The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 24 February 1899, page 8; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 August 2016).

"Made the Rope That Hanged Guiteau," The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky), 25 February 1899, page 6; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 16 September 2017).

"Ohio, County Death Records, 1840-2001," online database with images, FamilySearch (www.familysearch.org : accessed 17 August 2016), Entry for Jacob Bupp, 21 Feb 1899; citing Death, Montgomery, Ohio, United States, source ID v 4 p 22, C; FHL microfilm 1,030,827. https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F6VF-YN1.

Plante, Trevor K. "The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers," Prologue Magazine, Spring 2004; online, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives (https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue : accessed 11 November 2019).

Powell, Lisa. "Dayton’s soldiers’ home was among the country’s first to care for veterans," Dayton Daily News (Dayton, Ohio), 24 May 2019, information on the history of the Dayton Home; online archives (https://www.daytondailynews.com/ : accessed 6 November 2019).

"U.S. National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, 1866-1938," database with images, Ancestry.com (www.ancestry.com : accessed 16 August 2016), Entry for Jacob Bupp; born 1823; Admitted 1898; citing Historical Register of National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, 1866-1938; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M1749, 282 rolls); Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15; National Archives, Washington, D.C.

"Virtual Museum," webpage, U.S. Department of Veteran's Affairs, Dayton VA Medical Center, Ohio (https://www.dayton.va.gov/museum/index.asp: accessed 6 November 2019), information on the Dayton Soldier's Home.

The Hangman's Ropemaker: Return to York (Part Two)

"This suggests a coincidence concerning the Bupp family. The nine remaining descendants are divided into three groups of one brother and two sisters each. They are Capt. Waltman and his two sisters; Jacob Shive and his two sisters, and Jacob Bupp, of Pittsburg, to whom are also apportioned two sisters." 

~"An Odd Division of Relatives," The Gazette (York, Pennsylvania), 18 August 1896, page 1

*This blog post is one in a series of blogs on my famous ancestor, Jacob Bupp, the Hangman's Ropemaker- click the page tab above labeled "The Hangman's Ropemaker" for more information and the blog series*

*Note here* Typically while writing genealogy blog posts I write in the third person narrative and tell the story that way.  However, this blog post, while part of the Hangman's Ropemaker Series, is almost a "Chasing the Elusive" (another set of posts that I occasionally write, though I only have one published at the moment) that writing it in the first person narrative was a bit easier.  I write in first person because there is a great deal of conjecture in those posts.  My apologies if you are a reader of the series and aren't used to this style. *end note*

In my last blog post, I shared that Jacob Bupp visited his sister in York, Pennsylvania.  While he was there, the newspaper blurb quoted above ran in the local paper.

This blurb piqued my curiosity.  After all, I knew that Jacob had visited his sister Sarah, known as Mrs. Joseph Heard in 1896, but I also knew doing research that his sisters Elizabeth, Rebecca and Eleanora had passed away before 1896.  Elizabeth Bupp Younker was deceased before 1870 (though I don't yet have a death date for her).  Rebecca Bupp Ruhl died in February 1870 from consumption (though I do not have an exact day of death for her).  Eleanora/Ellen Bupp never married, but died at her sister Sarah's home on 30 October 1895, just ten months before Jacob visited.  Her cause of death is yet unknown, as I have not yet attempted to retrieve her death record from the city of York, since it wasn't recorded by the county of York like some of the later deaths were. 

This left just one sister that was not yet found, and one on whom I had a trail run cold.... Helena Bupp, who was born 23 November 1828 and christened on 8 December 1828 in Christ Lutheran Church.  Knowing that all of Jacob's other sisters aside from Sarah had passed, I knew Helena had to be alive... and she was in 1896, which I found out by actually searching for Sarah's address in one of my newspaper subscriptions.  She had married William Watt sometime before 1850 and was living near Sarah in York under the name Lena Watt.   In 1896, she lived at 16 West Princess Avenue with her husband and son, Joseph Henry Watt.  William Watt was a broom maker in his later years, much like his brother-in-law Joseph Heard.

(Why do I research siblings of my ancestors?  So I don't make a direct-line mistake.... I find many more resources that lead me back to my ancestors when I research their siblings and aunt, uncles, etc. Plus knowing how others connect to me is helpful when some distant relative emails me to say he or she has a photograph or relic of our mutual ancestor.)

So now I knew of Jacob Bupp and his two sisters, but I didn't know who the other men mentioned in the article were.  So, I did some research. I started with Captain Waltman.

Captain Henry B. Waltman was born in Mount Joy, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania on 25 November 1838 to Henry Waltman and Helena Bupp.  Helena, his mother, was born in 1801 and died 30 March 1875 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, probably at the home of her daughter, Sarah Waltman Kaufmann.  Her age and the fact that she seemed to originate from Mount Joy makes it likely that she is a sister of John Bupp, Jacob's father.  However, I don't have definite proof the two are related aside from the same last name, just some conjectures that can be made.  Captain Waltman's father, Henry, died in a horrible accident in February 1847 when he was crushed between two rail cars in Mount Joy.  The accident left Helena to raise her five known children alone.  Henry B. Waltman had three sisters, but sister Susanna likely died before 1896.  Sister Elizabeth married Joseph S. Kuhns and the aforementioned Sarah married Jacob Kaufmann.  His brother, Captain Jacob K. Waltman, died in 1880.  Both Captains got their titles by being captains of companies in Pennsylvania Volunteer regiments during the Civil War.

Unfortunately I had too many options for Jacob Shive in the York and Lancaster areas to do any comprehensive research on him to find out his connection to Jacob.  I didn't know which one to chase, and didn't have time to chase them all.  When I have time at a later date, I may pursue this further.  I welcome anyone else's help on the research too, if someone else has more time.  I did find a Lewis Shive, son of Sallie Bupp, in the book A Biographical History of York County, Pennsylvania, so I am wondering if there is a connection that way.... but can't seem to find anything more substantial yet.

This research didn't lead me to a conclusive ancestor for all of the Bupps, but it did get me one step closer to figuring out conclusive parentage of my hangman's ropemaker's father.

Jacob appeared to return home to Allegheny City after his visit to York in August 1896.  The 1896, 1897 and 1898 Pittsburgh area directories all have him living at 325 Shady Avenue in the Eleventh Ward of Allegheny City.  He only remained at this residence for two more years before moving to the Soldier's Home in Dayton, Ohio for his final months.  But that's a story for the next post.

Sources Used and Referenced
Ancestry.com, "1840 United States Federal Census," database online, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Ancestry.com (www.ancestry.com : accessed 5 November 2019), Entry for Henry Felaughman "Waughman" household, Year: 1840, Census Place: Mount Joy, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Roll: 465, Page: 149, and Family History Library Film: 0020547; citing Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. (NARA microfilm publication M704, 580 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

"An Odd Division of Relatives," The Gazette (York, Pennsylvania), 18 August 1896, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 18 July 2019).

"Died," death notice for Helena Waltman, The York Daily (York, Pennsylvania), 31 March 1875, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 5 November 2019).

"Died," death notice for Ellen Bupp, The York Daily (York, Pennsylvania), 2 November 1895, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 June 2019).

Find A Grave, database with images (www.findagrave.com : accessed 25 June 2019), memorial page for Ellen Bupp, Find A Grave Memorial # 97700318, citing Prospect Hill Cemetery (York, Pennsylvania), memorial created by Corey & Douglas Marshall-Steele, photograph by Pamela Pomeroy.

"Funeral of Jennie E. Younker," The Gazette (York, Pennsylvania), 26 January 1908, page 5; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 31 July 2019).

Gibson, John. editor, A Biographical History of York County, Pennsylvania (Chicago; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1975), 52-53; digital images, Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=tz54aBcpZUQC : accessed 23 July 2019).

J.F. Diffenbacher's directory of Pittsburgh and Allegheny cities, 1896/1897 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Diffenbacher and Thurston, 1896), 207; digital image, University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library, Historic Pittsburgh (www.historicpittsburgh.org : accessed 17 August 2016).

J.F. Diffenbacher's directory of Pittsburgh and Allegheny cities, 1897/1898 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Diffenbacher and Thurston, 1897), 208; digital image, Unversity of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library, Historic Pittsburgh (www.historicpittsburgh.org : accessed 17 August 2016).

"Personals," The York Daily (York, Pennsylvania), 22 August 1896, page 1; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 25 June 2019).

Pittsburgh and Allegheny directory, 1898 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: R.L. Polk & Co. and R.L. Dudley, 1898), 221; digital image, University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library, Historic Pittsburgh (www.historicpittsburgh.org : accessed 17 August 2016).

"Shocking and fatal Accident," The Lancaster Examiner (Lancaster, Pennsylvania), 17 February 1847, page 2; online images, Newspapers.com (www.newspapers.com : accessed 23 July 2019).

"U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995," database online with images, Ancestry.com (www.ancestry.com : accessed 7 October 2019), Publication Title: York, Pennsylvania, City Directory, 1894; page 200; "Watt Wm, broom mnfr, 16 w Princess"; citing a collection of directories for U.S. cities and counties in various years.

"U.S. Federal Census Mortality Schedules, 1850-1885," database, Ancestry.com (www.ancestry.com : accessed 25 June 2019), Entry for Rebecca Ruhl; National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.; Non-Population Census Schedules for Pennsylvania, 1850-1880: Mortality; Archive Collection: M1838; Archive Roll Number: 7; Census Year: 1870; Census Place: York Ward 4, York, Pennsylvania; Page: 1.